Nigeria’s Otigba Computer Village is arguably the biggest information, communications technology (ICT) market in Africa.

It started off as a one-man business on a street called “Otigba” in Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State. Within a short time it grew to a few thousand businesses occupying a vast area in the state. It represents an ICT solution centre for Nigeria as well as West Africa.

Three years ago Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics estimated that the informal sector had accounted for as much as 41% of the country’s economy in 2015. The informal sector in Nigeria continues to grow for numerous reasons. These include:

• limited ability of the formal economy to absorb surplus labour (largely dominated by people aged between 15 and 50 years);

• barriers to entry into the formal economy by young entrepreneurs who have ideas but little capital to compete with large firms in the formal sector;

• weak government institutions (regulatory bodies); and

• poor economic conditions which are forcing many consumers to demand cheap goods and services.

The Otigba cluster is no exception. It remains largely informal despite its size, the volume of economic transactions being done daily and the technical knowledge put to use in the market. Numerous studies have been done to evaluate the size and capacity of the cluster, its evolution, mode of operation, performance, sustainability and constraints.

But before my research there had been no studies on how businesses within the cluster identified new and useful knowledge and how they applied that knowledge to innovation to increase their performance and profitability by scaling-up their operations.

Research across the world shows that when businesses cluster together there is bound to be an exchange of knowledge. This can be through spillovers or conscious transfers. With more than 4000 businesses, Otigba should be no exception. So, I set out to test this by surveying 200 business units, representing about 5% of the size of the cluster. I wanted to understand how knowledge is being identified, acquired, developed, used and diffused in the cluster.

The study also sought to understand how the spread of knowledge within the cluster led to innovation and the scaling of business operations. Innovation here refers to significant technical changes in the product, services, production processes or delivery method.

To measure the scaling up of businesses, the study examined:

• inputs (access to more finances, number of employees),

• activities (sub-contracting, outsourcing and collaborations),

• outputs (turnover, quality, quantity) and

• impacts (compliance to international standard, technology upgrading and net export).

The study used these indicators because they are yardsticks for measuring growth in firms in the formal sector.

Some interesting findings

When businesses operate in close proximity, as they do in clusters, knowledge sharing is inevitable. I found this to be true in Otigba. This is mainly because the daily routine of the businesses involves: rotation of tasks and the regular training of employees (mainly apprentices) by highly skilled technical personnel, usually the owner of the business or someone appointed as senior manager.

Most businesses didn’t give preference to employees with relevant experience when hiring. Instead, they used the expertise of qualified technicians to train new employees. As a result apprentices learnt on the job.

By and large, it took new employees less than two years to acquire all the necessary knowledge they needed to do the jobs they were hired for. The result is that apprenticeship has become one of the major channels for skills acquisition and knowledge diffusion within the cluster. Apprenticeship involves on-the-job learning by young employees under the supervision of experts. During this period, tacit knowledge is passed on to the apprentices until they become experts themselves. These apprentices thus graduate, ready to start their own businesses or secure employment as technicians in the formal sector.

The other channel for diffusion of knowledge within the clusters is the trade association and the unions. These have enabled collaborative innovation in the cluster which has made it possible for firms to compete as a cluster against international players. This is because of the monitoring role played by trade association and unions such as the Computer and Allied Product Dealers Association of Nigeria. The union ensures that new knowledge about new technologies (product and process) are made known to all it members. The union facilitates collective importation of expensive equipment as well as sharing to tools and technicians among its members.

Because of knowledge sharing in the cluster, the majority of new businesses were able to scale up their operations within the first three years of operation. This is remarkable given that research shows that a third of new small business die within two years, and half within five years of starting up. Thus knowledge sharing through clustering is organic incubation – one viable way to survive the first three years as a start-up.

Knowledge sharing also enabled most of the enterprises to increase their capital resources within three years of start-up. They did this either through their own generated resources or through loans. The main source of loans came from commercial banks followed by co-operative societies, business angels and micro-credit organisations.

Most enterprises increased their work force to run their businesses because of good business performance. During the scaling-up period, there was lots of collaboration between firms within the cluster as well as with other businesses, organisations and institutions outside of the cluster. This facilitated the transfer of knowledge among cooperating firms.

Finally, the effects of scaling-up enhanced the ability of businesses to:

• satisfy customers’ demands;

• comply with Nigerian regulations and standards;

• develop more environmentally friendly products/processes; and

• improve product quality.

Also, knowledge sharing that happened during the scaling up enabled businesses to extend their product range, deal successfully with new competitors abroad, and lower their production costs.

Conclusion

My research found that openness and proximity increased access to information, customers, new domestic markets, tools and technology, suppliers of raw materials and inputs. In addition, all the enterprises that benefited from proximity in the cluster were involved in at least one form of innovation.

In conclusion, the study posits that knowledge need not be protected in clusters or in the informal sector generally. Instead, it should be shared widely so that other businesses can adopt, or adapt, it. This in turn spurs further innovation and the rapid development of the sector. Openness will also aid the development of other sectors through knowledge spill overs. This, in turn, will create healthy competition among businesses.

Oluseye Jegede, Senior Researcher, SARCHI Industrial Development Unit, University of Johannesburg

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Union (ZCTU) has threatened government with mass action should it fail to dollarise the economy and pay workers in United States dollars.

Addressing a press conference in Harare today, ZCTU President Peter Mutasa said they are shocked that the announcement came a day after the Finance minister Professor Mthuli Ncube had assured the nation that the Zimbabwean dollar will only be introduced when macro-economic fundamentals are in place, adding that such important policies should have been subjected to dialogue before they are enforced.

"Such a critical move should have been subjected to intense dialogue, and it smacks of hypocrisy and is patronizing for the government to unilaterally make such a huge policy announcement at a time social partners were supposed to meet on Wednesday 26 June 2019 under the auspices of the recently enacted Tripartite Negotiating Forum (TNF)," said Mutasa.

He accused the government of taking Zimbabweans for granted by constantly lying when it introduced bond notes in 2016 as well as when they separated Nostro from local accounts.

"We would like to note that the government has been taking its people for granted for quite some time now, lying when it introduced the bond notes in 2016 that they were adequately backed by lines of credit from Afreximbank, that the 1:1 exchange rate between USD and RTGS$ were also backed by adequate lines of credit when they separated Nostro and RTGS foreign Accounts (FCA) in October 2018, and again that the inter-bank foreign exchange market would stabilize after its introduction in February 2019 on the back of unproven external lines of credit.

"These all proved to be false guarantees as the local currency could not hold against the USD and other foreign currencies," added Mutasa.

He expressed concern that government did not respect the fact that the TNF meeting which is scheduled for this week was an opportune moment to consult other stakeholders instead of hurriedly announcing policy measures that will affect workers who are pushing for foreign currency to cushion them from the current economic hardships.

Source: 263Chat

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ), will print an extra $400 million in bond notes and coins to cover the gap left by the withdrawal of hard currencies, Governor John Mangudya said Wednesday.

On Monday, government, in a shock move, announced the multi-currency regime that had obtained for a decade would be abolished with immediate effect, designating the Zimbabwean dollar as sole legal tender for all local transactions.

Mangudya was however quick to allay fears of inflation indicating the RBZ is cognisant of the consequences of unguarded printing of money.

"As we move towards a cashless society, we still need about $400 million to allow people to access cash, so we are going to print that money to cover that gap left by the removal of the multi-currency system," Mandudya told a state run radio station from China.

"We will not print up to levels that will cause inflation as feared by some people."

Mangudya said Zimbabwe's economy requires around $1.5 billion in cash and currently has between $600-$800 million in bond notes that are not enough for use by the transacting public.

"Currently, we have about $6-800 million in bond notes and coins. This economy requires about 10% of all deposits in liquidity which comes to about $1-1.5 billion.

"So we will definitely bring in notes and coins in the value of around $400 million," he said.

The RBZ governor also said that diaspora remittances should continue to be received in foreign currency and no bank has been instructed not to pay customers from their Nostro accounts.

He also dismissed claims that the Central Bank will raid ordinary people and business foreign currency accounts.

"Recipients of diaspora remittances and other foreign currency payments will still withdraw in hard currencies or choose to get it in Zimbabwean dollar at an interbank rate," he said.

According to a statement from the RBZ, non-governmental organisations, embassies and other foreign organisations will not be affected and can continue paying salaries in foreign currency.

New Zimbabwe